navindra FreeFlarum uses Python Flask + FastAPI app for the main page backend, for frontend it uses Alpine.js and Tailwind CSS (https://freeflarum.com).
As for the server itself, your assumptions are correct - FreeFlarum uses Caddy, MariaDB and PHP-FPM (you can check versions for these at your Flarum admin dashboard), with Cloudflare free plan to back it up in terms of speed and protection. It also uses a self-hosted Postfix mail server for outgoing e-mail.
We rent a Hetzner server (CAX31, 8 vCPU & 16 GB RAM) which is located in Falkenstein, Germany. FreeFlarum has been running since 2017 and has hosted over 30K unique forums in its existence so far (however, many of which are no longer active).
I hope this helps. Or are there perhaps any other specific questions that you might have?